Benjamin Graham；David Dodd

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First published in the aftermath of the 1929 stock market crash, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd’s *Security Analysis* is the foundational text of value investing. This seminal work draws clear lines between prudent investment and reckless speculation, defining investment as operations rooted in thorough, fact-based analysis that guarantees principal safety and satisfactory returns. It outlines the core functions of security analysis—description, selection, and evaluation—and introduces the critical concept of intrinsic value, a measure independent of market whims, based on assets, earnings, dividends, and other objective metrics. The book addresses key challenges like data inaccuracies, market irrationality, and future uncertainty, offering timeless principles for evaluating fixed-value securities, calculating interest coverage ratios, and avoiding common investor pitfalls. Graham and Dodd emphasize the importance of a margin of safety to shield against volatility, providing a disciplined framework that has guided generations of investors to navigate turbulent markets with confidence.