




The book explains how arbitrary borders split ethnic groups and caused long-term conflict. Kapuściński argues that colonial powers drew lines without caring about local cultures or histories. This forced rival communities into the same nations, creating artificial states where trust never existed. Instead of uniting people, these borders made them enemies, turning neighbors into targets for violence. The text details how this happened in places like Rwanda and Sudan, where ethnic identities were manipulated by colonizers to divide populations. Even after independence, these artificial divisions continued to fuel wars and instability. Kapuściński shows that the chaos isn't just about local politics but about a global system that prioritized control over justice. He connects the past to the present, showing how today's conflicts in Africa are direct results of decisions made in Berlin over a century ago. The book makes it clear that ignoring this history means missing the root causes of current suffering. By understanding these borders, we can better see why peace remains so difficult to achieve in many African nations.

