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Peaks and Valleys
"Peaks and Valleys" uses an innovative institutional framework to unpack China’s imperial bureaucracy from the Qin-Han dynasties to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Framing the era as cycles of "normalcy" and "aberration," it details how the Qin and Han built a golden peak of centralized autocracy, merit-based governance, and Confucian orthodoxy—establishing a lasting template for imperial rule. The Wei-Jin and Northern/Southern Dynasties brought a valley of political upheaval: clan aristocrats monopolized power, foreign regimes introduced hybrid systems, and imperial authority weakened. Yet even in chaos, institutions evolved, including the three-department system, legal reforms, and early exam-based selection. The Northern Dynasties, through Hu-Han cultural fusion and strong warrior-led autocracy, revived bureaucratic norms, laying the groundwork for the Sui-Tang golden age. This book reveals how China’s imperial system maintained continuity through fluctuations, highlighting its remarkable resilience and adaptive strength.
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